石家莊家教陪你學習英語中的狀語從句
狀語從句由從屬連詞(subordinating conjunctions)引導。注意狀語從句與主句之間的邏輯關系,選擇正確的連詞;有些連詞能引導多種狀語從句。
一、時間狀語從句
引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞主要有:after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as soon as;另外有些詞如:immediately(立刻), directly(直接的), instantly(立即地)用于as soon as 意義時,有些名詞詞組如 the moment(片刻), the instant(立即的), the minute, the day, the year, every time, next time,each time 等也用來引導時間狀語從句:
The mother didn't go to bed until her little daughter returned home last night. 昨晚母親等到她的小女兒回家才睡覺。
I'll explain it to you immediately I've finished reading the letter. 我讀完信立刻給你解釋。
You see the lightning __________it happens, but you hear the thunder later.
A) the instant(立即) B) for an instant
C) on the instant(馬上) D) in an instant(馬上)
閃電一發生,你立刻就能看到它,但雷聲,你遲一點才能聽到它。(B4,1997.1-38, A對。)
No sooner ... than 和 hardly/scarcely/barely ... when 也用來引導狀語從句,意思是“一……就……”;如果將no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely放在句首,就用倒裝結構。例:
I had hardly entered the temple when it began to rained. 我剛踏進那座廟就開始下雨了。
_________when she started complaining.
A)Not until he arrived B)No sooner had he arrived
C)Hardly had he arrived D)Scarcely did he arrived
(B6,1990.1-49,C對。)他一到,她就開始抱怨。
No sooner had we reached the top of the hill_________we all sat down to rest.
A) when B) then C) than D) until
我們一到山頂,大家都坐下來休息。(B4,1991.6-62, C對。)
when, while, once, until,till 等后接介詞短語或形容詞,相當于這些詞引導的狀語從句:
Hiram had read Lu Xun's works when (he was) in London. 海勒姆在倫敦時就讀過魯迅的作品。
When, whenever, where, wherever 常常后接 possible, necessary :
She tried her best to speak English whenever possible. 只要可能,她就盡量說英語。
二、地點狀語從句
引導地點狀語從句的主要有:where, wherever及- where構成的復合詞。例:
Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded_________other more well-in formed experimenters failed.
A) which B) that C) what D) where
雖然在此領域內的許多工作他知道的很少,但是,在比他知道得更多的實驗者失敗的地方,他卻成功了。(B4,1998.1-40, D對。)
We received a warm welcome everywhere we arrived.我們每一個地方都受到熱烈的歡迎。
三、原因狀語從句
最常用的連詞是:because, since, as, now (that), seeing that ,consider that 等;注意 in that是復合連詞,意思是because或“在……方面”; since也用來引導原因狀語從句。例:
_________ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
A) For now B) Now that C)Ever since D) By now
既然我們已經學完了這門課,我們就可開始花更多的時間去復習了。(B4,1990.1-62, B對。)
Seeing that it is raining hard tonight, we'll have to stay here . 今晚下這么大的雨,我們只好在這里過夜了。
Liquids are like solids__________they have a definite volume.
A) in that B) for that C) with that D) at that
液體就象固體一樣,因為它有一定的體積。(B4,1995.6-58, A對。)
四、目的狀語從句
主要的引導詞有:so that, in order that, so,less, in case 等。目的狀語從句常常含有情態動詞。例:
They are hurrying so that / in order that they may not miss the train. 他們為了趕上火車而匆匆忙忙。
He wrote down my name for fear that / less he should forget it. 他記下了我的名字,以免忘記。
五、條件狀語從句
1.最常用的引導詞有: if, if only(if 的強調式),unless, as long as, so long as, in case, providing, provide (that), supposing, in the event that, on condition (that)等:
I'll accept any job__________I don't have to get up early.
A) lest B) as long as C) in case D) though
只要不讓我早起,什么工作我都可以接受。(94.1-60,B對。)
Government cannot operate effectively__________it is free from such interference.
A) so long as B) so that C) unless D) because
政府無法有效地運作,除非它不受這種干擾。(94.1-53, C對。)
I'm sure he is up to the job__________he would give his mind to it.
A) if only B) in case C) until D) unless
只要他用心,我相信他能勝任這工作。(98.1-45, A對。)
I'm sorry you've decided not to go with us on the river trip, but__________you change your mind, there will still be enough room on the boat for you.
A) even B) nevertheless C) in the even that D) provided that
(2000年全國大學生英語競賽決賽題,C對。) 很遺憾你已經決定不參加我們的河流旅行;但是如果你現在改變主意,船上還是有你的位置。
2.provided (that)是書面語,有時與if 同義,有時有區別。provided (that)常常表示說話人所希望的條件,而 if 不一定有此含義:
We can sell a lot of garments, provided /if your price is highly competitive.如果你方服裝價格很有競爭性,我們就能大量出售。
Provided / If we receive your order by 30 October, we make you a firm offer for delivery by the middle of November at the price quoted. 如果我方在十月三十日前收到你方定單,就可以給你實盤,按所報價格,十一月中旬發貨。
We shall cancel the contract if you fail to open the L/C before the end of this month.如果你方在本月有不能開出信用證,我們就撤
銷合同。(if不能換成provided,fail to open the L/C...不是we 希望出現的情況。)
3.unless 與 if...not 的比較:
unless 有時等于if...not,例:
Don't come unless I telephone. = Don't come if I don't telephone. 如果我不打電話,就不要來。
然而,unless的語氣比 if...not 更強,往往表達最后通牒或類似的意思:
Unless you return these books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine. 除非你立刻把書還給圖書館,否則你就要被罰款。
如果if 從句表達的是一種非真實的情況,就不能用unless來替換,這是因為unless總是表示“在某種條件下”:
She'd be a good wife if she didn't smoke. 如果她不抽煙,她會是個好妻子。(因為她抽煙,所以她不是好妻子。)
Unless 還用在破折號之后,添補一種“例外的特殊情況”,這種句子不能用 if ... not替換:
He couldn't have seen the accident -- unless he had been in London. 他不可能目睹這一事故---- 除非他當時在倫敦。(他沒有目睹這一事故,因為他不在倫敦。)
試比較:
He couldn't have seen the accident if he hadn't been in Beijing. 如果他不在沈陽,他就不可能目睹這一事故。(他目睹了這一事故,因為他當時在沈陽。)
六、讓步狀語從句
主要的引導詞有:though, although, even if, even though, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, 與及“whever”詞和“no matter wh-”。例:
Nowadays we know that everything he wrote was true even though some of it was second-hand information. 現在我們知道了:他所寫的一切都是真的,盡管其中有些是間接得來的信息。
However troublesome the problem is , he always faces it with pa-tience. 不管問題多么棘手,他總是耐心面對它們。
When anyone does something for you, no matter how small and no matter whether he is a superior or servant , it is proper to say “ thank you”. 當有人為你辦了事,不管這事多么微不足道,也不管他是你的上級還是服務員,你說一聲“ 謝謝 ” 總是得體的。
If only the nature of the aging process is better understood, the possibility of discovering a medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems very remote.
(2000年全國大學生英語競賽決賽題) A錯,應改為Even if。 即使衰老的過程理解得更透徹了,發現一種能夠阻止衰老的基本進程的藥仍然非常渺茫。(even是個副詞,可以用來強調if,even if 和even though 用來引導讓步狀語從句。)
while 也可以引導讓步狀語從句,其意義相當于 although:
While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.盡管我理解你說的話,但是我不能同意你的看法。
七、方式狀語從句
主要由as, as if, as though,in the same way as 來引導,在非正式文體中,也用like(= in the same way ):
Please do the exercises as I show you. 請按照我演示給你看的辦法去做練習。
Tom was behaving as though he had grown up. 湯姆現在的表現好象他已經長大了。
Melted iron is poured into the mixer much__________tea is poured into a cup from a teapot.
A) in the same way like B) in the same way which
C) in the same way D) in the same way as
熔化的鐵水倒進攪拌機中,很象是把茶壺里的水倒進茶杯。(B4,1996.6-48, D對。)
as 引導的方式狀語從句中,常常省略去一部分;“as + 過去分詞”的結構是很常見的:
Should the Chinese firm fail to deliver the Gear Boxes in time as contracted , all the losses thus incurred shall be borne by them. 如中國公司未能按合同規定時間交貨,應負擔一切由此而產生的損失。(as contracted = as it contracted)
The import prices show a 4% rise in average as compared with the average price level in the first six months.與頭6個月的平均價格相比,進口價增長了百分之四。(as compared = as it is compared)
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs directed.
A) like B) so C) which D) as
認真的調查已經表明:多達百分之五十的病人沒有按照醫囑服藥。(B4,1996.1-37, D對。 as directed = as they are directed)
八、比較狀語從句
主要由than, as...as引導,這類從句常常有一些成分沒有表示出來:
They usually have less money at the end of the month than __________at the beginning.
A) which is B) which was C) they have D) it is
通常到了月底,他們的錢就比月初少了。(B4,1993.6-54,C對。)
She is__________a musician than her brother.
A) much of B) much as C) more of D) more as
她比她兄弟更懂音樂。(B4,1993.6-65,C對。)
On the top of a mountain our lung would not take in as much oxygen at each breath as they would at the bottom. 在山頂,我們的肺每次呼吸吸入的氧氣沒有在山腳時吸入那么多。
九、結果狀語從句
可以由 so that, so...that, such...that 引導,這類從句也可以理解為表示程度的狀語從句:
She told me__________story that we all forgot about the time.
A) such an interesting B) such interesting a
C) so an interesting D) a so interesting
so 副詞 such 代詞 so副詞 后跟 形容詞, such代詞后跟 名詞
(全國高考,1988,A對。)她給我們講了一個有趣的故事,我們把時間都忘了。
He was so angry that he left the room without a word. 他很生氣,一句話不說就離開了房間。
十、if 從句的理解和翻譯
if從句不一定表示條件,它可以用來表示although或even if相似的意思;當然,它所表示的“讓步”,沒有though或even if 的語氣那么重。例:
If she is poor, at least she is honest. 她雖說窮,卻至少誠實。
You must come in, if only it's only for a minute.你必須進來,哪怕是一會兒。
He is a very good man, if rather dull.他雖然遲鈍,卻是個大好人。
His style, if manned, is pleasant to read.他的文章風格,雖然有點矯揉造作,讀起來還是令人感到愉快的。
The profits, if a little lower than last year's, are still extremely healthy. 利潤雖然比去年低點,卻仍然是豐厚的。
I'll finish this report if it kills me. 我即使死了,也要完成這個報告。
if 從句中的主語和動詞都可以省略:
He's a pleasant, if awkward lad. 他是一個雖然笨拙然而卻惹人喜歡的小伙子。(...even if he is awkward )
主句里出現as...as很常見,這時if從句里用否定:
John plays football__________,if not better than, David.
A) as well B) as well as C) so well D) so well as
(1994年高考試題,B是答案。) 論踢足球,雖然約翰并不比大衛踢得更好,但至少他們踢得一樣好。
His health is as poor as, if not poorer than, his sister. 他的身體雖然說不比他的姐姐更差,但至少也是跟她一樣差。 贊同
一、when“當……時”,引導時間狀語從句時,從句用于表示主句動作發生的特定時間。如:
The days get longer when spring comes. = When spring comes, the days get longer.
春天到來時,白天變得更長了。
二、before“在……之前”,引導時間狀語從句時,表示主句動作發生在從句動作之前。如:
Close the door before you leave the room.
離開房間前關上門。
三、after“在……之后”,引導時間狀語從句時,表示主句的動作發生在從句的動作之后。如:
I went to school after I finished my breakfast.
吃完早飯后我就去上學了。
四、as soon as“一……就……”,引導時間狀語從句時,表示主句動作緊接著從句動作發生。如:
I’ll call you as soon as I get home.
我一到家就給你打電話。
五、until, till“直到”,引導時間狀語從句。當主句謂語動詞是延續性動詞時,主句常用肯定形式;當主句謂語動詞是非延續性動詞時,主句要用否定形式,即“not…until/till…”意為“直到……才……”。如:
I’ll wait here until/till the rain stops.
我將在這里等著,直到雨停。
You can’t go home until/till you finish your work.
直到你完成你的工作,你才能回家。
下面再向大家透露點兒內幕消息,狀語從句的兩手絕活——時態的呼應和從句的位置。請看:
一、時態呼應
一般來講,復合句都要遵循主、從句時態呼應規律,狀語從句也不例外。即主句用現在時,從句也用現在時;主句用過去時,從句也用過去的某種時態。如:
Be careful when you cross the road.
過馬路時要小心。
You must see the doctor if you are ill.
如果你生病了,你必須去看醫生。
主句是一般過去時,從句也要用一般過去時。如:
When he was seven years old, he could swim.
當他七歲時就會游泳。
She turned off the light before she left the office.
她離開辦公室前就關了燈。
二、主從句的位置。
大多數情況下,從句可以位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。不過從句在前時,主從句之間必須用逗號隔開。如:
Please tell me when he comes back. = When he comes back, please tell me